A Brief History Of Multicultural Education - 2246 Words

A Brief History of Multicultural Education from 1960 to Present The United States (US) is considered a relatively â€Å"new† country when considering it in the historical context of the history of nation states. However, the idea of multicultural education (MCE) is certainly not new. Payne and Welsh (2008) posit that MCE originates from the results of struggles of humans throughout history, â€Å"from [the] Hammurabi Code to the Magna Carta, the British Bill of Rights, philosophers such as Locke and Montesquieu, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and various reform movements in different countries, such as Russia and China (Celik, 2012).† The challenges and changes in MCE, by the nature of what â€Å"culture† is considered to be, are difficult to†¦show more content†¦And therein lies one of the problems of MCE. There is no single, all-encompassing, everyone-agrees definition. When reading articles and books on MCE and even the history and development of the field of what is known today as â€Å"multicultura l education†, each author defines the concepts to his/her meaning for each publication. For instance, â€Å"†¦Levinson (2009) calls multicultural education a ‘conceptual mess’ (p. 428) since different thinkers have attached various values and meanings to the concept, which are not clarified by or derived from multicultural education itself.† Readers must understand the author behind the publication and his/her position on MCE before reading the publication to understand the framework in which the information is being presented. However, there is some standardization and typically accepted tenants of multicultural education. These are generally represented by an organization that is considered to be a leading resource in the field of MCE, called the National Association of Multicultural Education, or NAME for short. NAME, understandably, views the definition of multicultural education so vital that they spend an entire page of their website devoted to defining the term. NAME recognizes the variations in definition and goals by individuals and states that, â€Å"continuing debate is healthy (http://www.nameorg.org/name_history.php).†

The End Of The 19th Century - 2247 Words

With the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century came a lot of change for the U. S. with the coming about of railroads and electricity, the U.S. was undergoing a profound economic revolution and as the economy grew, U.S. territory would also experience great expansion into the west, Latin America and Asia. The first form of U.S. expansion would occur in the American west. In 1862 the U.S. government would encourage its people to move out west in an attempt to improve and cultivate the land. The Homestead Act of 1862 would provide any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had not borne arms against the U.S. government, claim over 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants would need to have a valid plan for†¦show more content†¦Now connected by a common enemy, Indian tribes who normally focused on fighting each other where brought together by a common enemy. In the infamous battle of Little Big Horn the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians would come togethe r to form an army of about 5,000 men who would defeat General George A. Custard and his entire command of 250 men. Despite putting up a good fight by 1890 eight new western states entered the Union, and Native Americans where pushed into reservations where they lived in poverty or railroad towns where they were dependent on railroad companies to provide them with shelter and living. The U.S. government would now focus on educating Native American children in white ways, in order to integrate them with American society, and by 1887 the Dawes Act would grant any Native Americans who â€Å"adopted the habits of civilized life† American citizenship. However this would not mark the end of the conflict. In 1890, a religious revitalization campaign know as Ghost Dance would come about. Indian leaders foretold a day when Native American culture would once again be restored, the buffalo would return, and whites would disappear. Afraid of an uprising the government sent troops to India n reservations and on December 29th troops would open fire near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, killing 200 Indians, mostly woman and children. This would mark the end of the armed

Orbach Free Essays

Sample descriptive outline and summary Fat is a Feminist Issue by Susie Arroba Descriptive Outline Paragraphs 1 2 Paragraphs 3 4 Paragraphs 5 -8 Paragraph 9 Us Mary Arroba details the epidemic of obesity in American women, the emotional effects of overeating on women, and lists commonly held views about the causes of obesity. Arroba suggests that women’s obesity is in fact a challenge to gender stereotypes and should be viewed as a societal illness, not a personal failing. In this section of the text, Arroba argues that women’s inferior societal position is the result of a centuries-long belief that women’s biology makes them fit for the limited roles of wife and mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Orbach or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to achieve this status, however, Arroba states that a woman must â€Å"have† a man, which makes her seclusion’s and keenly aware of herself as an object for the pleasure of men. A woman therefore is highly susceptible to the vagaries of fashion, media, and make-up in an effort to make her more ascribable to men. Arroba concludes by stating that, despite the many changes in fashion trends, being thin is consistently viewed as positive, and necessary, for women, and that, as a result, obesity may express rebellion against the strictures of cue Trial conformity women face. Arroba uses her introductory paragraphs to establish the context of her discussion about women’s obesity in the United States. Arroba begins to make her argument, offering a feminist explanation of women’s obesity, alleging that â€Å"fat is† n expression of independence. Her parallel structure Caftan is†) suggests ownership of an otherwise unattractive quality – fat itself. Arroba logically and methodically builds her argument in this section of the text, moving from biology to culture, in order to persuade the reader that the epidemic of female obesity may, in fact, be a feminist choice -? rather than the availability of unhealthy food, lack of exercise, How to cite Orbach, Papers